Aristotle concept of virtue Essay Example for Free

Aristotle concept of virtue Essay The concept of virtue by Aristotle can be attributed to the state of character which he believed lies between two broad extremes which are the excess and deficiency. He believed that virtues falls into two major categories which are the moral virtue and the intellectual virtue. He considered moral values to be associated with feelings, choosing and acting well while intellectual is being acquired. He believed that not all the state of character is virtues and that virtue can be considered the doctrine of mean. This doctrine helps us to determine the actual state of character that is virtuous. He considered character such as lustfulness as not virtue because lustfulness represent an increase feeling of sexual desires or seek for too much sexual pleasure and it lies towards the extreme of excess and not being in the mean which Aristotle considered to be a point that represent virtue. Comparing and contrasting the Aristotle definition of virtue and Socrates definition of impiety and piety. There is no much similarity between the definitions except in that they try to explain the concept of justification in whatever we do. Both definitions relates to what can be considered to be morally good. There are several differences between the two forms of definition. 1. Socrates believe that there are certain fundamental characteristic that makes pious things pious which is different from the Aristotle concepts of virtue which strongly believe in character that lies between the two extremes. 2. Aristotle consider the relationship of friendship to virtues while Socrates believes piety is what god loves and impiety what god hates The better definition might be determined by its application to moral values. Since the Aristotle’s definition explains certain aspects of ethics, I will consider it, the better of the two definitions. Aristotle’s definition relates directly to human life and character and it application can guide the way we act and helps us live better life. Aristotle also consider friendship as being indispensible to virtuous life believing without friendship towards our fellows it is impossible to live a complete and virtuous life. He believes we must be good friends to ourselves before we can show which a concept of â€Å"self love† is. We can only understand friendship when will understand the virtue of oneself. The issue with the relationship of friendship with ourselves and others can be narrowed down to the fact Aristotle believed that virtue brings happiness. Aristotle in summary established a relationship between character, reasons and emotion. He explains the relationship virtues and vices, relationship of virtue to pleasure and to happiness and the notion of moral education. Socrates believes that piety is intimately bound to gods and it is what the gods loves. References Aristotle, (350 B. C. E). â€Å"Book I. In Nicomachean Ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans. ). Retrieved 2 June 2009, from http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 1. i. html Aristotle, (350 B. C. E). â€Å"Book II. In Nicomachean Ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans. ). Retrieved 2 June 2009 from http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 2. ii. html Aristotle, (350 B. C. E). â€Å"Book VII. In Nicomachean Ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans. ). Retrieved 2 June 2009 from http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 7. vii. html

Kudler Fine Foods Case Study :: Kudler Fine Foods Case Study Analysis

Kudler Fine Foods is an organization that wants to evolve and mature as a company and implement practices that illustrate their growth as a company. One particular practice that Kudler Foods wants to implement is reaching out and contracting to local farmers to gain access to organic foods for sell within all three branches of Kudler Foods (UOP,2008). By implementing such a new system changes will have to be made primarily within the company’s operations management. This paper will discuss the needed changes and alterations that need to occur in order to maintain their efficiency as a company. In addition to the operations management changes, supply chain, quality control tools and performance standards will also be accessed in regards to how they are impacted by the introduction of the sale of organic foods. Operations management is the process an organization uses to obtain the materials or ideas for the product that it provides, the process of transforming them into a prod uct, and the process of providing the final product to a user (Gomez-Meija & Balkin, 2002). Under operations management there are 3 stages that consists of the process that a company typically accesses or follows through with. They include: acquiring inputs, controlling the conversion process, and delivering the output (Gomez-Meija & Balkin, 2002). In the eyes of Kudler Foods, acquiring inputs would be receiving organic foods from local farmers and growers. Acquiring product for Kudler Foods is typically done by purchasing from distribution centers and warehouses. Each of the managers will individually place an order with suppliers using a standard purchase order form based on their department’s needs or wants (UOP, 2008). In terms of price, there is not a standard price for items. Department Managers are just instructed to find the best possible price leaving disparities in costs between each store. With the implementation of organic foods, Kudler Foods should consider setti ng universal accepted prices amongst the stores and local farmers. The managers should still order their products based on their stores supply and demand. A universal or joint ordering system can result in waste or unused products. Organic foods is a special circumstance item because typically especially products such as produce, they have a short shelf-life. Which becomes especially important when purchasing organic foods, which is widely known to be more expensive than non-organic foods (2002) So, it would be best to keep the separate ordering system in place.

EXTREME PERCEPTION AND ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE

EXTREME PERCEPTION AND ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE Many animals also have extreme perception. Forensic dogs are three times as good as any X-ray machine at sniffing out contraband, drugs, or explosives, and their overall success rate on tests is 90 percent. The fact that a dog can smell things a person can't doesn't make him a genius; it just makes him a dog. Humans can see things dogs can't, but that doesn't make us smarter. But when you look at the jobs some dogs have invented for them ­selves using their advanced perceptual abilities, you're moving into the realm of true cognition, which is solving a problem under novel conditions.The seizure alert dogs are an example of an animal using advanced perceptual abilities to solve a problem no dog was born knowing how to solve. Seizure alert dogs are dogs who, their owners say, can predict a seizure before it starts. There's still controversy over whether you can train dog to predict seizures, and so far peo ­ple haven't had a lot of luck t rying. But there are a number of dogs who have figured it out on their own. These dogs were trained as seizure-response dogs, meaning they can help a person once a seizure has begun.The dog might be trained to lie on top of the person so he doesn't hurt himself, or bring the person his medicine or the telephone. Those are all standard helpful behaviors any dog can be trained to perform. But some of these dogs have gone from responding to seizures to perceiving signs of a seizure ahead of time. No one knows how they do this,because the signs are invisible to people. No human being can look at someone who's about to have a seizure and see (or hear, smell, or feel) what's coming. Yet one study found that 10 percent of owners said their seizure response dogs had turned into seizure alert dogs.The New York Times published a terrific article about a woman named Connie Standley, in Florida, who has two huge Bouvier des Flandres dogs who predict her seizures about thirty minutes ahead of ti me. When they sense Ms. Standley is heading into a seizure they'll do things like pull on her clothes, bark at her, or drag on her hand to get her to someplace safe so she won't get hurt whenthe seizure begins. Ms. Standley says they predict about 80 percent of her seizures Ms. Standley'S dogs apparently were trained as seizure alert dogs before they came to her, but there aren't many dogs in that category.Most of the seizure alert dogs were trained to respond to seizures, not predict seizures. The seizure alert dogs remind me of Clever Hans. Hans was the world-famous German horse in the early 1900s whose owner, Wilhelm von Osten, thought he could count. Herr von Osten could ask the horse questions like, â€Å"What's seven and five? † and Hans would tap out the number 12 with his hoof. Hans could even tap out answers to questions like, â€Å"If the eighth day of the month comes on Tuesday, what is the date for the following Friday? † .He could answer mathe ­ matical questions posed to him by complete strangers, too. Eventually a psychologist named Oskar Pfungst managed to show that Hans wasn't really counting. Instead, Hans was observing sub ­ tle, unconscious cues the humans had no idea they were giving of He'd start tapping his foot when he could see it was time to start tapping; then he'd stop tapping his foot when he saw it was time to stop tapping. His questioners were making tiny, move ­ ments only Hans could see. The movements were so tiny the humans making themcouldn't even feel them. Dr.Pfungst couldn't see the movements, either, and he was look ­ ing for them. He finally solved the case by putting Hans's question ­ers out of view and having them ask Hans questions they didn't know the answers to themselves. It turned out Hans could answer questions only when the person asking the question was in plain view and already knew the answer. If either condition was missing, his performance fell apart. Psychologists often use the Clev er Hans story to show that humans who believe animals are intelligent are deluding themselves. But that's not the obvious conclusion as far as I'm concerned.No one has ever been able to train a horse to do what Hans did. Hans trained himself. Is the ability to read a member of a different species as well as Hans was reading human beings really a sign that he was just a â€Å"dumb animal† who'd been classically conditioned to stamp his hoof? I think there'smore to it than that. What makes Hans similar to the seizure alert dogs is that both Hans and the dogs acquired their skills without human help. As I mentioned, to my knowledge, so far no one's figured out how to take a â€Å"raw† dog and teach it how to predict seizures.About the best a trainer can do is reward the dogs for helping when a person is having a seizure and then leave it up to the dog to star identifYing signs that predict the onset of a seizure on his own. That approach hasn't been hugely successful, but some dogs do it. I think those dogs are showing superior intelligence the same way a human who can do something few other people can do shows superior intelli ­gence. What makes the actions of the seizure alert dogs, and probably of Hans, too, a sign of high intelligence–or high talent-is the fact that they didn't have to do what they did.It's one thing for a dog to start recognizing the signs that a seizure coming; you might chalk that up to unique aspects of canine hearing, smell, or vision, like the fact that a dog can hear a dog whistle while a human can't. But it's another thing for a dog to start to recognize the signs of an impend ­ing seizure and then decide to do something about it. That's what intelligence is in humans; intelligence is people using their built-in perceptual and cognitive skills to achieve useful and sometimes remarkable goals.

Result of Observation Flame Test - 1152 Words

Result of Observation Chemical name and symbol Physical appearance Cation of the compound Flame color NaNO3Sodium nitrate Colourless crystal Na+ Yellowish Orange NaClSodium chloride Colorless crystal Cl+ Yellowish Orange LiNO3Lithium nitrate Colorless crystal Li+ Red BaNO3Barium nitrate White crystal Ba ² Bright yellow, lime yellow Sr(NO3) 2Strontium nitrate White crystal Sr ² Dark red Cu(NO3)2Cupric nitrate Blue crystal Cu ² Green, bluish green. Ca(NO3) 2Calcium nitrate White crystal Ca ² Redish orange KNO3Potassium nitrate Colourless crystal. K+ Light purple Unknown #1 Colorless crystal Red Unknown #2 White crystal Redish orange Unknown #1 is lithium nitrate, because it had the same physical appearance and same flame color as†¦show more content†¦Which means all metal have a different value. This explains when different metal are heated they emit light with different frequencies, which also mean different color. Conclusion During this lab we investigated the different flame colours produced by different compounds when electrons are excited by heating method, by doing this we were managed to identify two unknown compounds by comparing their flame colour to known ones. In this lab we used nichrome wire to pick up different compounds to burn in Bunsen burner to examine the different flame color, after each compounds, we cleaned the nichrome wire by rising it in hydrochloric acid and burning it until no colour other than the flames natural color was observed. By burning the compounds we excited the electrons to undergo transition, when they fall back to ground state, they emit light, and each element has different energy, which means they produce different colour of light. By looking at the results and observation, we saw that the flame color of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride was same, or almost identical. We figured out that it was the cation of the compound, which was responsible for the d ifferent colour we see, and not the anions in this experiment. Also by doing this we figured out the unknowns by comparing the flame color, the unknowns had the same colour as lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate, so I will assume the unknowns are lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate, but weShow MoreRelatedQualitative Observation Of A Chemical Reaction Lab Report1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Observation of a Chemical Reaction Purpose: Carefully observe and interpret a chemical reaction. Apparatus: Equipment- 250mL beaker, 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, cardboard square, chemical scoop, metric ruler, lab countertop, rubber stoppers, safety goggles, lab apron Materials- candle ( 2cm diameter), matchbook, 2 toothpicks, Limewater solution, string, aluminum foil, Cobalt Chloride paper Procedure: Note appearance, odor, and feel of the unlighted candle. 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